Abstract Introduction: Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) and/or home parenteral hydration (HPH) are the gold-standard treatment for patients with long-term intestinal failure (IF). The authors aimed to assess the impact of HPN/HPH on nutritional status and survival of long-term IF patients, as well as HPN/HPH-related complications. Methods: This was a retrospective study including IF patients under HPN/HPH followed in a single large tertiary Portuguese hospital. The data collected included demographics, underlying conditions, anatomical characteristics, type and duration of parenteral support, IF functional, pathophysiological, and clinical classifications, body mass index (BMI) at the beginning and end of follow-up, complications/hospitalizations, current patient status (deceased, alive with HPN/HPH, and alive without HPN/HPH), and cause of death. Survival after HPN/HPH beginning, until death or August 2021, was recorded in months. Results: Overall 13 patients were included (53.9% female, mean age 63.46 years), and 84.6% of patients presented type III IF and 15.4% type II. Short bowel syndrome caused 76.9% of IF. Nine patients received HPN and 4 HPH. Eight patients (61.5%) were underweight at the beginning of HPN/HPH. At the end of follow-up, 4 patients were alive without HPN/HPH, 4 maintained HPN/HPH, and 5 died. All patients improved their BMI (mean initial BMI 18.9 vs. 23.5 at the end, p < 0.001). Eight patients (61.5%) were hospitalized due to catheter-related complications, mainly infectious (mean hospitalization epi-sodes 2.25, mean hospital stay of 24.5 days). No deaths were related to HPN/HPH. Conclusion: HPN/HPH significantly im-proved IF patients’ BMI. HPN/HPH-related hospitalizations were common, however causing no deaths, reinforcing that HPN/HPH is an adequate and safe therapy for long-term IF patients.

Resumo Introdução: A nutrição parentérica domiciliária (NPD) e/ou a hidratação parentérica domiciliária (HPD) constituem o tratamento gold-standard para doentes com falência intestinal (FI) crónica. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o impacto da NPD/HPD no status nutricional e sobrevivência dos doentes com FI crónica, bem como as complicações relacionadas à NPD/HPD. Métodos: Estudo retrospetivo, incluindo doentes com FI sob NPD/HPD, seguidos num hospital terciário em Portugal. Informação recolhida para cada doente: dados demográficos, patologia de base, características anatómicas, tipo e duração do su-porte parentérico, classificação funcional, fisiopatológica e clínica da FI, índice de massa corporal (IMC) no início e final do seguimento, complicações/hospitalizações, estado atual do doente (falecido, vivo sob NPD/HPD e vivo sem NPD/HPD) e causa de morte. A sobrevida após início da NPD/HPD foi calculada em meses, até à data da morte ou agosto de 2021. Resultados: Incluídos 13 doentes (53.9% do sexo feminino, idade média 63.46 anos), 84.6% com FI tipo III e 15.4% com FI tipo II. A síndrome do intestino curto foi causa de 76.9% das FI. Nove doentes foram tratados com NPD e 4 com HPD. Oito doentes (61.5%) apresentavam IMC baixo no início da NPD/HPD. No final do seguimento, 4 doentes estavam vivos sem NPD/HPD, 4 mantinham NPD/HPD e 5 faleceram. Todos os doentes melhoraram significativamente o seu IMC (IMC médio no início do seguimento 18.9kg/m2 vs 23.5kg/m2 no final, p<0.001). Oito doentes (61.5%) tiveram de ser hospitalizados devido a complicações relacionadas com o cateter, sobretudo de causa infeciosa (número médio de hospitalizações por doente 2.25, duração média de internamento 24.5 dias). Não houve mortes relacionadas com a NPD/HPD. Conclusão: A NPD/HPD melhorou significativamente o IMC dos doentes com FI. As hospitalizações relacionadas com a NPD/HPD foram comuns, contudo não causaram mortes, reforçando o facto que a NPD/HPD é uma terapêutica segura e adequada para doentes com FI crónica.

Abstract Introduction: persistent dysphagia affects 15 % of stroke patients and contributes to malnutrition, aspiration, and death. This study aimed to characterize patients with post-stroke dysphagia who underwent percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG), and to assess the impact of PEG feeding on nutritional status and outcome. Methods: an observational and retrospective study using records from patients with post-stroke dysphagia who underwent PEG. Body mass index (BMI), serum albumin, transferrin, and cholesterol were recorded at the time of PEG insertion (T0) and 3 months later (T3). The evolution of these parameters was analyzed and compared to survival. Results: we obtained data from 158 patients (53.2 % males) with a median age of 75 years. Most strokes were ischemic (n = 135, 85.4 %). Median time between stroke and PEG was 2 months. Median survival after gastrostomy was 16 months. At admission, 41.6 % of patients had low BMI, 62.3 % low albumin, 68.6 % low transferrin, and 59.6 % low cholesterol levels. The prevalence of low albumin and low transferrin was higher in the patients who underwent PEG more than 2 months after stroke. A significant increase in albumin and transferrin, and a normalization of cholesterol levels was observed after 3 months of PEG feeding. Mortality was 12.9 %, 27.7 %, and 40 % at 1, 3, and 12 months, respectively. Survival was lower in patients with low albumin, transferrin or total cholesterol at admission. Conclusions: the prevalence of malnutrition is high among patients with post-stroke dysphagia. PEG feeding improves albumin, transferrin, and cholesterol levels. Early post-PEG mortality is high and must be considered on an individual basis.

Resumen Introducción: la disfagia persistente afecta al 15 % de los pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular (AVC) y contribuye a producir desnutrición, aspiración y muerte. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar a los pacientes con disfagia post-AVC sometidos a gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea (PEG) y evaluar el impacto de la alimentación con PEG sobre el estado nutricional. Métodos: estudio observacional y retrospectivo que utiliza registros de pacientes con disfagia post-AVC sometidos a PEG. El índice de masa corporal (IMC) y los niveles de albúmina, transferrina y colesterol séricos se registraron en el momento de la inserción de la PEG (T0) y 3 meses después (T3). La evolución de estos parámetros se analizó y comparó con la supervivencia. Resultados: se obtuvieron datos de 158 pacientes (53,2 % hombres) con una edad media de 75 años. La mayoría de los AVC fueron isquémicos (n = 135, 85,4 %). El tiempo medio entre el AVC y la PEG fue de 2 meses. La supervivencia media después de la gastrostomía fue de 16 meses. Al ingreso, el 41,6 % de los pacientes presentaba un IMC bajo, el 62,3 % un nivel bajo de albúmina, el 68,6 % un nivel bajo de transferrina y el 59,6 % un nivel bajo de colesterol. La prevalencia de los niveles bajos de albúmina y de transferrina fue mayor en los pacientes que se sometieron a la PEG más de 2 meses después del AVC. Se observó un aumento significativo de la albúmina y la transferrina, y una normalización de los niveles de colesterol, después de 3 meses de alimentación con PEG. La mortalidad fue del 12,9 %, 27,7 % y 40 % a 1, 3 y 12 meses, respectivamente. La supervivencia fue menor en los pacientes con nivel bajo de albúmina, transferrina o colesterol total al ingreso. Conclusiones: la prevalencia de la malnutrición es alta entre los pacientes con disfagia post-AVC. La alimentación con PEG mejora los niveles de albúmina, transferrina y colesterol. La mortalidad temprana post-PEG es alta y debe considerarse de forma individual.

Abstract Background and aims: esophageal cancer (EC) is an important health problem worldwide with high morbidity and mortality. EC patients are likely to develop malnutrition. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and safety of endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) feeding in EC cancer, and to identify risk factors associated with poor prognosis. Methods: a retrospective observational study was performed using records from EC patients referred for PEG. Age, gender, cancer histologic subtype, indication for gastrostomy, and mortality data were recorded. NRS 2002, body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin, serum albumin, transferrin and total cholesterol were collected at the day of PEG. An association between anthropometric, clinical and laboratorial data with patient survival was assessed. Results: data were obtained for forty-one EC patients (36 men and 5 women) aged 39-88 years (mean, 62 years). Gastrostomy was possible in all patients referred to PEG (27 patients selected for curative treatment and 14 patients for palliative nutrition). No major complications occurred. Mean survival after PEG was 18.1 months, and mortality rate at 3 months was 31.7 %. Most patients (34; 82.9 %) died under PEG feeding. Mean BMI was 21.3 kg/m2 and 14 patients (34.1 %) patients had low BMI. Serum albumin, transferrin and total cholesterol were low in 10 (24.4 %), 20 (48.8 %) and 18 (43.9 %) patients, respectively. Higher BMI (R = 0.30), serum albumin (R = 0.41) and transferrin (R = 0.47) tended to be positively correlated with survival (p < 0.005). Conclusions: PEG is a feasible and safe technique for enteral feeding in EC patients. Higher BMI, serum albumin and transferrin levels at admission predict a better outcome. Enteral feeding through PEG should be considered early in EC patients due to their higher risk of malnutrition, which is associated with shorter survival.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: el cáncer de esófago (EC) es un importante problema de salud en todo el mundo, con elevada morbilidad y mortalidad. Los pacientes con EC presentan una elevada probabilidad de desarrollar desnutrición. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la viabilidad y seguridad de la alimentación por gastrostomía endoscópica (PEG) en los EC e identificar los factores de riesgo asociados con un peor pronóstico. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo utilizando registros de pacientes con EC remitidos para PEG. Se registraron la edad, el género, el subtipo histológico del cáncer, la indicación de gastrostomía y los datos de mortalidad. El NRS 2002, el índice de masa corporal (IMC), la hemoglobina, la albúmina sérica, la transferrina y el colesterol total se recogieron el día de la PEG. Se evaluó la asociación de los datos antropométricos, clínicos y de laboratorio con la supervivencia del paciente. Resultados: se obtuvieron datos de cuarenta y un pacientes con EC (36 hombres y 5 mujeres), con edades entre 39 y 88 años (media 62 años). La gastrostomía fue posible en todos los pacientes remitidos a PEG (27 pacientes seleccionados para tratamiento curativo y 14 pacientes para nutrición paliativa). No ocurrieron complicaciones mayores. La supervivencia media después de la PEG fue de 18,1 meses y la tasa de mortalidad a los 3 meses fue del 31,7 %. La mayoría de los pacientes (34; 82,9 %) murieron bajo alimentación con PEG. El IMC medio fue de 21.3 kg/m2 y 14 pacientes (34,1 %) pacientes presentaron un IMC bajo. La albúmina sérica, la transferrina y el colesterol total fueron bajos en 10 (24,4 %), 20 (48,8 %) y 18 (43,9 %) pacientes, respectivamente. El IMC alto (R = 0,30), la albúmina sérica (R = 0,41) y la transferrina (R = 0,47) tienden a correlacionarse positivamente con la supervivencia (p < 0,005). Conclusiones: la PEG es una técnica factible y segura para la alimentación enteral de los pacientes con EC. Los niveles más altos de IMC, albúmina sérica y transferrina al ingreso predicen un mejor resultado. La alimentación enteral a través de PEG debe considerarse temprano en los pacientes con EC debido al mayor riesgo de desnutrición, que se asocia a una supervivencia más corta.

A gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea (PEG) é uma técnica segura, utilizada como acesso para nutrição entérica de longa duração. A maioria dos eventos adversos mais frequentemente associados a esta técnica endoscópica são geralmente de gravidade ligeira. A fístula gastrocolocutânea (FGCC) resulta da transfixação cólica durante o procedimento de PEG. A importância desta complicação não está atualmente definida e nenhum algoritmo terapêutico está validado. Os autores relatam uma série de casos de FGCC diagnosticados e tratados num centro hospitalar terciário. Caso 1: Homem de 88 anos, submetido a PEG por cancro cervicofacial. O procedimento decorreu sem intercorrências e o doente permaneceu assintomático durante o follow-up. Após a primeira substituição do tubo de PEG realizada aos seis meses, constatou-se drenagem de conteúdo fecal pelo estoma. A tomografia computorizada (TC) mostrou uma FGCC. Após a remoção do tubo a fístula encerrou espontaneamente e o doente permaneceu sob nutrição entérica por sonda nasogástrica até ao óbito. Caso 2: Homem de 31 anos com Paraplegia Espástica Hereditária, submetido a PEG sem intercorrências imediatas. O doente permaneceu assintomático e sete meses depois foi realizada substituição do tubo primário de PEG. Sob controlo endoscópico, o tubo inicial foi removido mas o tubo secundário com balão, introduzido através da pele, não foi identificado no lúmen gástrico. A TC mostrou uma FGCC que encerrou espontaneamente após alguns dias. Uma abordagem laparoscópica e endoscópica combinada foi posteriormente utilizada para ressecar os trajetos fistulosos e realizar uma nova gastrostomia. Caso 3: Homem de 45 anos com Paralisia Cerebral, referenciado para PEG. Durante o procedimento a transiluminação da parede abdominal apenas foi observada transitoriamente e a punção realizada com orientação oblíqua. O doente permaneceu assintomático até ao sétimo mês, altura em que foi realizada substituição do tubo primário. O tubo de substituição inserido percutaneamente não atingiu o estômago. Uma FGCC foi observada na TC. A fístula encerrou espontaneamente e o doente foi referenciado para gastrostomia laparoscópica eletiva. A FGCC é uma complicação invulgar da PEG. O seu curso clínico aparenta ser benigno e os doentes permanecem assintomáticos sob nutrição entérica domiciliária por longos períodos até à substituição do tubo primário. O seu encerramento espontâneo é a regra. A gastrostomia laparoscópica deve ser considerada quando uma nova PEG está recomendada e não pode ser efetuada com segurança por interposição cólica.

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a safe technique for long-term enteral feeding. The most common PEGassociated adverse events are minor. Gastrocolocutaneous fistula (GCCF) results from misplacement of the PEG tube through the colon. The importance of this complication is not currently defined, and there is no clearly established therapeutic algorithm. The authors report a series of 3 cases of GCCF diagnosed and treated in a tertiary center. Case 1: An 88-year-old man underwent PEG due to head and neck cancer. The procedure was uneventful, and the patient remained asymptomatic. After the first PEG tube substitution performed at 6 months, stool drainage through the stoma was observed. Computed tomography (CT) showed a GCCF. After tube removal, the fistula spontaneously closed, and the patient remained under nasogastric feeding until death. Case 2: A 31-year-old man with hereditary spastic paraplegia was submitted to PEG without early complications. The patient remained asymptomatic, and 7 months later, replacement of the PEG tube was planned. Under endoscopic control, the primary tube was removed, but the balloon replacement tube, introduced through the skin, was not observed in the gastric lumen. CT displayed a GCCF that spontaneously closed after a few days. A combined laparoscopic and endoscopic approach was used to resect the fistula tracts and perform a new gastrostomy. Case 3: A 45-year-old man with cerebral palsy was referred to PEG. Skin transillumination was only observed transiently, and the abdominal puncture was performed obliquely. The patient remained asymptomatic until the 7th month, when the primary PEG tube replacement was performed. The percutaneously placed substitution tube did not reach the stomach. GCCF was evident on CT. The fistula spontaneously closed, and the patient was referred to elective surgery for laparoscopic gastrostomy. GCCF is an uncommon complication of PEG. Its clinical course seems to be benign with patients remaining asymptomatic under ambulatory enteral feeding for long periods until PEG tube replacement. Spontaneous fistula closure is the rule in this setting. Laparoscopic gastrostomy should be considered when a new PEG is advised and cannot be safely performed due to colon interposition.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea (PEG) é a via de eleição preferencial para a nutrição entérica de longa duração. A disfagia neurológica e as neoplasias cervico-faciais constituem as principais indicações para PEG por poderem conduzir a desnutrição energético-proteica e alterações hidroeletrolíticas, com potencial impacto negativo no equilíbrio metabólico. A síndrome de realimentação pode também estar associada a alterações hidroeletrolíticas graves em doentes alimentados por PEG e contribuir para um mau prognóstico. OBJETIVO: Avaliar as alterações das concentrações séricas dos principais eletrólitos e a eventual associação entre os valores séricos alterados e o prognóstico dos doentes gastrostomizados. Métodos - Estudo retrospetivo realizado em doentes seguidos na Consulta de Nutrição Artificial do Hospital Garcia de Orta, propostos e submetidos a PEG, de 2010 a 2016 e que faleceram sob nutrição por PEG. Consideraram-se os valores séricos dos iões em estudo avaliados imediatamente antes do procedimento endoscópico de gastrostomia, obtidos por consulta do processo clínico. A sobrevida, após a realização da PEG até à morte foi registrada em meses. RESULTADOS: Avaliaram-se 101 doentes. A sobrevida média pós-gastrostomia foi 6,55 meses. Destes, 59 apresentaram alterações de alguns iões no momento da realização da PEG. O sódio estava alterado em 31 (30,6%), magnésio em 20 (19,8%), cloro em 19 (18,8%), potássio em 14 (13,8%), cálcio em 10 (9,9%) e o fósforo em 9 (8,9%). Quando comparada a sobrevida dos doentes com valores de sódio baixo (<135 mmol/L) com a dos doentes com valores normais/elevados, esta foi 2,76 meses vs 7,80 meses, respectivamente (P=0,007). CONCLUSÃO: As alterações dos eletrólitos séricos nos doentes submetidos a PEG foram muito frequentes, com mais de metade dos doentes a apresentarem pelo menos uma alteração aquando da realização do procedimento. A alteração mais frequente foi a hiponatrémia, associando-se a pior prognóstico com sobrevida significativamente mais curta, refletindo provavelmente um grave compromisso metabólico sistêmico.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a gold standard for long term enteral feeding. Neurologic dysphagia and head/neck cancer are the most common indications for PEG as they can lead to protein-energy malnutrition and serum electrolyte abnormalities, with potential negative impact on metabolic balance. Refeeding syndrome may also be related with severe electrolyte changes in PEG-fed patients and contribute to poor prognosis. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the changes in serum concentrations of the main electrolytes and its possible association with the outcome. METHODS: Retrospective study of patients followed in our Artificial Nutrition Clinic, submitted to PEG from 2010 to 2016, having head/neck cancer or neurologic dysphagia, who died under PEG feeding. Serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus) were evaluated immediately before the gastrostomy procedure. Survival after PEG until death was recorded in months. RESULTS: We evaluated 101 patients, 59 with electrolyte alterations at the moment of the gastrostomy. Sodium was altered in 32 (31.7%), magnesium in 21 (20.8%), chlorine in 21 (20.8%), potassium in 14 (13.8%), calcium in 11 (10.9 %) and phosphorus in 11 (10.9%). The survival of patients with low sodium (<135 mmol/L) was significantly lower when compared to patients with normal/high values, 2.76 months vs 7.80 months, respectively (P=0.007). CONCLUSION: Changes in serum electrolytes of patients undergoing PEG were very common. More than half showed at least one abnormality, at the time of the procedure. The most frequent was hyponatremia, which was associated with significantly shorter survival, probably reflecting severe systemic metabolic distress.

ABSTRACT Background and aims: bowel preparation for colonoscopy induces a semi-fasting state, with a potential negative impact on fragile patients. The present study aims to quantify nutritional deficiency during colonoscopy preparation. Methods: this was an observational and cross-sectional study. A convenience sample was obtained that included adults that underwent colonoscopy after bowel preparation with Klean-Prep(r) according to the center protocol. Anthropometric evaluation was performed and nutritional deficiency was calculated via the quantification of energy and protein intake during the 48 hours prior to the examination which was compared with the individuals' needs. The association between nutritional deficiency with the quality of bowel preparation, age and status (hospitalized/ambulatory) was evaluated. Results: the study included 131 patients aged 21-91 years (mean 63.6 ± 13.2 years); 73 cases were male. Malnutrition reached 67.2% using specific anthropometric tools. A median preparation quality of six points was found when the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale was considered. The mean intake 48 hours prior to the procedure was 1,795 kcal and 100 g of protein. A daily energy intake of less than 50% of the individual needs was observed in 88 patients and less than 25% in 29 cases. The mean energy and protein deficiency were 59% (p < 0.01) and 45% (p < 0.01), and there was no correlation with preparation quality (p > 0.05). Nutritional deficiency is similar in hospitalized and ambulatory patients (p > 0.05), but higher in older individuals (p = 0.04). Conclusions: nutritional deficiency during colonoscopy preparation was significant, more so in older patients, and there was no correlation with the quality of bowel preparation. We conclude that bowel preparation regimens should be reformulated with an improved nutritional intake and the inclusion of nutritional supplements without residues.

Background: Endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) fed patients, including those with neurologic disorders (ND) or head and neck cancer (HNC) present high malnutrition risk and speech difficulties. Teams taking care of these patients need to rely on anthropometric data. Skinfold thickness (TSF) is used to assess nutritional status, but the use of heavy, large and expensive metal calipers may become a limitation. This study aimed to compare and correlate TSF measurements using a metal caliper and a plastic caliper in PEG fed patients. Methods: Prospective observational study on adult PEG fed patients. TSF was measured using plastic Ross and Lange metal calipers. Paired measurements were compared and correlated. Results: Fifty-one patients, 37 men (72.5%), 14 women (27.5%): 28 (54.9%) ND patients; 23 (45.1%) with HNC. In total, 94 TSF measurements were performed using both plastic and metal calipers. Significant association was found between TSF measurements with the two equipments (rs = 0.94; p < 0.001). High correlation was observed between TSF measurements using both calipers for both genders (men: rs = 0.93; p < 0.001; women: rs = 0.96; p < 0.001), age (< 65 years: rs = 0.98; p < 0.001; ≥ 65 years: rs = 0.88; p < 0.001), underlying condition (ND: rs = 0.91; p < 0.001; HNC: rs = 0.95; p < 0.001) and time of TSF evaluation (before PEG: rs = 0.95; p < 0,001; after PEG: rs = 0.92; p < 0.001). Conclusions: TSF measurements obtained with small, light and cheap plastic Ross caliper were equivalent to those obtained with larger, heavier and more expensive metal caliper. For everyday clinical practice, plastic calipers may be suitable for teams taking care of PEG fed patients in hospital wards, outpatient clinic and home visits.

Introducción: los pacientes alimentados por gastrostomía endoscópica (PEG), incluyendo aquellos con enfermedades neurológicas o cáncer de cabeza y cuello, presentan un riesgo elevado de desnutrición. Los equipos que cuidan a estos pacientes se basan frecuentemente en datos antropométricos. El pliegue cutáneo del tríceps (TSF) se utiliza para evaluar el estado nutricional, pero la utilización de adipómetros metálicos pesados, grandes y costosos puede convertirse en una limitación. El presente estudio pretende comparar y correlacionar las mediciones de la TSF usando un adipómetro metálico y de plástico en pacientes alimentados por PEG. Métodos: estudio observacional prospectivo en pacientes alimentados por PEG. La TSF se midió utilizando el adipómetro metálico de Lange y el adipómetro plástico de Ross. Las mediciones emparejadas se compararon y correlacionaron. Resultados: cincuenta y un pacientes, 37 hombres (72,5%), 14 mujeres (27,5%): 28 (54,9%) pacientes neurológicos; 23 (45,1%) con cáncer de cabeza y cuello. En total, se efectuaron 94 mediciones utilizando ambos los adipómetros (de plástico y metálico). Se encontró una asociación significativa entre las mediciones de TSF con los dos tipos de adipómetros (rs = 0,94; p < 0,001). Se observó también una correlación fuerte entre las mediciones de TSF utilizando ambos adipómetros para ambos los géneros (hombres: rs = 0,93; p < 0,001; mujeres: rs = 0,96; p < 0,001), edad (< 65 años: rs = 0,98; p < 0,001; ≥ 65 años: rs = 0,88; p < 0,001), enfermedad de base (neurológicos: rs = 0,91; p < 0,001, cáncer: rs = 0,95; p < 0,001) y tiempo de evaluación (antes de PEG: rs = 0,95; p < 0,001; después de PEG: rs = 0,92; p < 0,001). Conclusiones: las mediciones de TSF obtenidas con adipómetros de plástico Ross, pequeños, ligeros y menos costosos, fueron equivalentes aquellos en que se utilizaron adipómetros metálicos grandes, pesados y más caros. Los adipómetros de plástico pueden ser más adecuados para la práctica clínica diaria de los equipos que abordan pacientes alimentados por PEG en régimen de ambulatorio o internamiento.

RESUMO CONTEXTO Doentes submetidos a gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea apresentam desnutrição energético-proteica. Os elementos traço são necessários em pequenas quantidades e o Cromo (Cr) tem um papel importante no metabolismo. OBJECTIVO Pretendeu-se avaliar os níveis séricos de Cr e sua relação com as proteínas séricas, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e as doenças subjacentes nos primeiros 3 meses de alimentação por gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea. MÉTODOS Estudo prospetivo observacional durando 3 meses: avaliações no momento do procedimento (T0), após 4 (T1) e 12 semanas (T3). A avaliação inicial incluiu: idade, gênero, doença subjacente, Nutricional Risk Screening 2002 , IMC, concentração sérica de Cr, albumina e transferrina. Em T1 e T3, colheu-se sangue para Cr, albumina e transferrina. Para avaliação do Cr, utilizou-se espectrometria de absorção atómica em forno de grafite. Classificaram-se os doentes em dois grupos: neoplasias cervicofaciais (NCF) e disfagia neurológica (DN). Todos foram alimentados com alimentos de preparação doméstica. RESULTADOS Avaliaram-se 129 doentes (80 homens), entre 26-95 anos: NCF-52; DN-77. Encontraram-se valores baixos do IMC-71; Cr-8, albumina-70, transferrina-85 e 57 com ambas as proteínas baixas. Identificou-se correlação com significado estatístico entre a albumina e Cr (r=0,217, P =0,012) e entre a albumina e tempo de sobrevivência ( P =0,024). Foi observada boa evolução do Cr e proteínas, não sendo encontrados valores baixos de Cr em T3. CONCLUSÃO O Cr baixo é raro em doentes com gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea, sem relação com outros parâmetros, incluindo o tipo de doença subjacente. Para a minoria dos doentes com Cr baixo antes da gastrostomia, refeições de preparação doméstica parecem ser adequadas.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Patients that underwent Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) present with protein-energy malnutrition. Trace elements are required in small quantities and Chromium (Cr) displays a major role in the metabolism. OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate Cr levels and its relationship with serum proteins, BMI and underlying diseases during the first 3 months of PEG feeding. METHODS Prospective observational study during 3-months, when PEG was performed (T0), after 4 (T1), and 12 weeks (T3). Initial evaluation included: age, gender, underlying disease, NRS-2002, BMI, serum albumin, transferrin and Cr concentration. At T1 and T3 a blood sample was collected for Cr, albumin and transferrin. A Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy was used to assess Cr. According with the underlying disease, patients were divided into two groups: head and neck cancer (HNC) and neurological dysphagia (ND). All patients were fed with homemade meals. RESULTS A one hundred and twenty-nine patients (80 males), 26-95 years old were studied: HNC-52; ND-77. The observed data included low mean values of BMI from 71 patients; low Cr-8, low albumin-70, low transferrin-85 and 57 with both proteins low. Albumin was associated with survival time ( P =0.024) and there was a significant correlation between albumin and Cr (r=0.217, P =0.012). A good evolution of Cr and proteins values was observed, with no low Cr levels at T3. CONCLUSION Low serum Cr is rare in PEG-patients, with no relationship to other studied parameters. For the minority of patients displaying low Cr before gastrostomy, homemade PEG meals seem to be effective.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A desnutrição calórico-proteica é frequente na doença hepática crônica (DHC), no entanto, ferramentas clínicas adequadas para avaliação nutricional destes doentes não estão definidas. OBJETIVO: Em doentes com DHC, pretendeu-se: 1. Caracterizar a desnutrição calórico-proteica; 2. Comparar diferentes ferramentas clínicas, antropométricas e funcionais de avaliação nutricional; 3. Estudar a associação desnutrição/gravidade da DHC e desnutrição/prognóstico. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional e prospetivo. Foram recrutados doentes ambulatórios/hospitalizados de 01-03-2012 a 31-08-2012 e estudados tendo em conta a idade, gênero, etiologia, consumo alcoólico e gravidade da DHC definida pelo score Child-Turcotte-Pugh. A avaliação nutricional incluiu a utilização da avaliação global subjetiva, antropometria nomeadamente índice de massa corporal (IMC), perímetro braquial, circunferência muscular do braço, prega cutânea tricipital e dinamometria. Os doentes foram seguidos durante 2 anos e foi registada a respectiva sobrevida. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 130 doentes com DHC (80 homens) com idade 22-89 anos (média 60 anos). A maioria apresentava cirrose alcoólica (45%). Os doentes hospitalizados apresentaram doença hepática mais severa ( P <0,001) e pior estado nutricional, definido pelo IMC ( P =0,002), perímetro braquial ( P <0,001), circunferência muscular do braço ( P <0,001), prega cutânea tricipital ( P =0,07) e avaliação global subjetiva ( P <0,001). Um terço apresentava força de preensão manual deficiente/baixa. O consumo alcoólico ( P =0,03) e a desnutrição detetada pelo IMC ( P =0,03), perímetro braquial ( P =0,001), prega cutânea tricipital ( P =0,06), circunferência muscular do braço ( P =0,02) e avaliação global subjetiva ( P <0,001) encontraram-se associados à gravidade da DHC. Dos 25 doentes que faleceram durante o seguimento, 17 apresentavam desnutrição severa definida pela prega cutânea tricipital. A desnutrição definida pela prega cutânea tricipital revelou ser um fator preditivo de mortalidade ( P <0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A desnutrição calórico-proteica é comum na DHC para a qual o álcool desempenha um papel importante. A prega cutânea tricipital é o parâmetro antropométrico mais eficiente e encontra-se associado à mortalidade. A avaliação nutricional deve ser considerada mandatória na abordagem rotineira de doentes com DHC.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Protein-calorie malnutrition is common in chronic liver disease (CLD) but adequate clinical tools for nutritional assessment are not defined. OBJECTIVE: In CLD patients, it was aimed: 1. Characterize protein-calorie malnutrition; 2. Compare several clinical, anthropometric and functional tools; 3. Study the association malnutrition/CLD severity and malnutrition/outcome. METHODS: Observational, prospective study. Consecutive CLD ambulatory/hospitalised patients were recruited from 01-03-2012 to 31-08-2012, studied according with age, gender, etiology, alcohol consumption and CLD severity defined by Child-Turcotte-Pugh. Nutritional assessment used subjective global assessment, anthropometry, namely body-mass index (BMI), triceps skinfold, mid upper arm circumference, mid arm muscular circumference and handgrip strength. Patients were followed during two years and survival data was recorded. RESULTS: A total of 130 CLD patients (80 men), aged 22-89 years (mean 60 years) were included. Most suffered from alcoholic cirrhosis (45%). Hospitalised patients presented more severe disease ( P <0.001) and worst nutritional status defined by BMI ( P =0.002), mid upper arm circumference ( P <0.001), mid arm muscular circumference ( P <0.001), triceps skinfold ( P =0.07) and subjective global assessment ( P <0.001). A third presented deficient/low handgrip strength. Alcohol consumption ( P =0.03) and malnutrition detected by BMI ( P =0.03), mid upper arm circumference ( P =0.001), triceps skinfold ( P =0.06), mid arm muscular circumference ( P =0.02) and subjective global assessment ( P <0.001) were associated with CLD severity. From 25 patients deceased during follow-up, 17 patients were severely malnourished according with triceps skinfold. Malnutrition defined by triceps skinfold predicted mortality ( P <0.001). CONCLUSION: Protein-calorie malnutrition is common in CLD patients and alcohol plays an important role. Triceps skinfold is the most efficient anthropometric parameter and is associated with mortality. Nutritional assessment should be considered mandatory in the routine care of CLD patients.

Background: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) became the gold standard for enteral feeding. Currently, surgical gastrostomy is seldom used. Objective: Evaluating the role of surgical gastrostomy in a center with a large experience in PEG. Methods: A retrospective study ranged 13 years, collecting from clinical records: age, gender, underlying disease, date of procedure, technique, primary surgery, complications, 30-day mortality. Patients were divided according to indication for gastrostomy: a) neurological; b) head and neck cancer; c) other diseases; and d) drainage. PEG, open surgical and laparoscopic gastrostomies were compared concerning evolution of the number of procedures, characteristics of patients, complications and mortality. Results: We identified 509 PEG, 26 open and 8 laparoscopic surgical gastrostomies. An increasing number of the percutaneous approach over the years was observed, while the number of surgical gastrostomies remains steady (mean: 2.6/year). All percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomies but three were feeding procedures, mostly in neurological patients. All laparoscopic gastrostomies were feeding procedures in head and neck cancer. Most open surgical gastrostomies were secondary procedures, part of more complex surgeries, and frequently for drainage purposes. The open surgical approach displayed more morbidity and mortality, reflecting the severity of underlying diseases. Conclusions: In our institution, open surgical gastrostomy is seldom used, and mostly as part of complex procedures, frequently for drainage purposes. PEG is the choice to most dysphagic patients needing an enteral feeding access. When not feasible, laparoscopic gastrostomy is a suitable alternative.

Background: Dysphagia is common in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and may result in malnutrition. Endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is recommended when oral feeding is unsafe. This work aims to assess the effectiveness and safety of PEG feeding on improving nutritional and prognostic parameters in ALS patients. Methods: Observational and retrospective study using records from ALS patients referred for gastrostomy. Age, gender and mortality data were collected. NRS 2002, body mass index (BMI), serum albumin, transferrin and total cholesterol were recorded at the time of PEG (T0) and repeated after 3 months (T3). The evolution of these parameters was analysed and compared to survival. Results: Data from 37 ALS patients (18 men/19 women) aged 43-88 years (mean: 69 years). All patients presented NRS 2002 ≥ 3 points. On average, patients underwent gastrostomy 11 months after diagnosis. No major procedural complications occurred. Mean survival after diagnosis was 22.2 months. Mortality rate at 3 months was 21.6% with a mean survival after PEG of 11.2 months. Albumin, transferrin and cholesterol levels increased from T0 to T3 without reaching statistical significance. Higher albumin (R = 0.3) and transferrin (R = 0.4) at admission tend to be positively correlated with survival. Mean BMI was similar at the two moments but higher initial values were associated with better outcome (R2 = 0.39, p < 0.05). Conclusions: PEG is a safe and effective technique for enteral feeding and should be considered early in ALS patients with dysphagia. Higher BMI predicts longer survival. The association between higher serum proteins and survival must be confirmed in further studies.

Introducción: la disfagia es común en pacientes con esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ELA) y pude resultar en desnutrición. Se recomienda la gastrostomía endoscópica (PEG) cuando la alimentación oral no es más segura. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de la alimentación por PEG en la mejora de los parámetros nutricionales y de pronóstico en pacientes con ELA. Métodos: estudio observacional y retrospectivo que utilizó los registros clínicos de pacientes con ELA referidos para gastrostomía. Se recogieron datos sobre la edad, el género y la mortalidad. Se registró el NRS 2002, el índice de masa corporal (IMC), la albúmina sérica, la transferrina y el colesterol total en el momento de PEG (T0) y después de 3 meses (T3). Resultados: fueron recolectados los datos de 37 pacientes con ELA (18 hombres/19 mujeres), con edades comprendidas entre 43-88 años (media: 69 años). Todos los pacientes presentaron NRS 2002 ≥ 3 puntos. En promedio, los pacientes fueron sometidos a gastrostomía 11 meses después del diagnóstico. No hubo complicaciones mayores del procedimiento. La media de supervivencia después del diagnóstico de ELA fue de 22,2 meses. La tasa de mortalidad a los 3 meses fue de 21,6%, con una supervivencia media de 1,.2 meses después de PEG. Los niveles de albúmina, transferrina y colesterol aumentaron de T0 a T3, sin embargo sin alcanzar significación estadística. Mayores niveles de albúmina (R = 0,3) y de transferrina séricas (R = 0,4) en el momento de PEG tienden a estar correlacionados positivamente con una supervivencia más larga. El IMC medio fue similar en los dos momentos, pero valores iniciales más altos están asociados con un mejor pronóstico (R2 = 0,39, p < 0,05). Conclusiones: PEG es una técnica segura y eficaz para la nutrición enteral y se debe considerar temprano en pacientes con ELA y disfagia. Un mayor IMC predice una mayor supervivencia. La asociación entre proteínas séricas más altas y la supervivencia debe ser confirmada en estudios posteriores.

Background and aims: Copper (Cu) is a well studied trace element but little is known about Cu evolution in long term endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) feeding. We aimed to evaluate the evolution serum Cu since the gastrostomy until 12 weeks after the procedure in PEG patients fed with homemade meals. Methods: A prospective observational study was performed evaluating serum copper, albumin, transferrin and body mass index (BMI) at the time of the gastrostomy, 4 weeks and 12 weeks after. Data also included age, gender, NRS 2002 and nature of the underlying disease causing dysphagia: head and neck cancer (HNC) or neurological dysphagia (ND). After gastrostomy, patients were fed with homemade PEG meals. Results: One hundred and forty-six patients enrolled, 89 men, aged 21-95 years, 90 with neurologic dysphagia (ND), and 56 with head and neck cancer (HNC). 78 (53%) showed low BMI. Initially, Cu ranged 42-160 µg/dl (normal: 70-140 µg/dl); 130 patients (89%) presented normal Cu, 16 (11%) presented hypocupremia, 53% low albumin (n = 77), and 94 (65%) low transferrin. After 4 weeks, 93% presented normal Cu, 7% presented hypocupremia, low albumin was present in 34%, and low transferrin in 52%. After 12 weeks, 95% presented normal Cu, 5% presented hypocupremia, low albumin was present in 25%, and low transferrin in 32%. Comparing age, gender, underlying disease, BMI, albumin and transferrin, there were no significant differences on serum Cu. Conclusions: Most patients present normal serum Cu when gastrostomy is performed. For patients presenting hypocupremia before gastrostomy, homemade meals are effective for normalizing serum Cu.

Introducción y objetivos: el cobre (Cu) es un oligoelemento muy estudiado, pero poco se sabe de su evolución en los pacientes alimentados por gastrostomía endoscópica (GEP). Pretendemos evaluar la evolución del Cu sérico desde la gastrostomía hasta 12 semanas después de la intervención en estos pacientes alimentados con preparaciones domésticas. Métodos: realizamos un estudio observacional prospectivo para evaluar el Cu sérico, la albúmina, la transferrina y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) en el momento de la GEP, tras 4 semanas y 12 semanas después de la intervención. Los datos incluyen edad, género, NRS 2002 y enfermedad subyacente: cánceres de cabeza y cuello (CCC) y disfagia neurológica (DN). Después de la intervención, estos pacientes fueron alimentados con preparaciones domésticas. Resultados: 146 enfermos (89 hombres), entre 21-95 años: CCC-56, DN-90. Valores de Cu entre 42-160 µg/dl (normal: 70-140 µg/dl); normales 89% (n = 130); bajos 11% (n = 16), albúmina baja: 53% (n = 77), transferrina baja: 65% (n = 94), IMC bajo: 53% (n = 78). Después de 4 semanas: valores normales de Cu en 93% y bajos en 7%, albúmina baja en 34%, transferrina baja en 52%. Tras 12 semanas: valores normales de Cu en 95% y bajos en 5%, albúmina baja en 25%, transferrina baja en 32%. No encontramos diferencias significativas en el Cu sérico cuando se compara edad, género, enfermedad subyacente, IMC, albúmina y transferrina. Conclusiones: la mayoría de los enfermos presentan Cu sérico normal en el momento de la gastrostomía. Para los enfermos con Cu sérico bajo antes del procedimiento, la alimentación con preparaciones domésticas parece suficiente para su normalización progresiva.

Background and aims: endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) patients usually present protein-energy malnutrition, but little is known about selenium deficiency. We aimed to assess serum selenium evolution when patients underwent PEG, after 4 and 12 weeks. We also evaluated the evolution of albumin, transferrin and Body Mass Index and the influence of the nature of the underlying disease. Methods: a blood sample was obtained before PEG (T0), after 4 (T1) and 12 (T3) weeks. Selenium was assayed using GFAAS (Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy). The PEG patients were fed through homemade meals. Patients were studied as a whole and divided into two groups: head and neck cancer (HNC) and neurological dysphagia (ND). Results: we assessed 146 patients (89 males), between 21-95 years old: HNC-56; ND-90. Normal values of selenium in 79% (n=115); low albumin in 77, low transferrin in 94, low values for both serum proteins in 66. Low BMI in 78. Selenium has slow evolution, with most patients still displaying normal Selenium at T3 (82%). Serum protein levels increase from T0 to T3, most patients reaching normal values. The nature of the underlying disease is associated with serum proteins but not with selenium. Conclusions: low serum selenium is uncommon when PEG is performed, after 4 and 12 weeks of enteral feeding and cannot be related with serum proteins levels or dysphagia cause. Enteral nutrition using customized homemade kitchen meals is satisfactory to prevent or correct Selenium deficiency in the majority of PEG patients.

Introducción y objetivos: los pacientes con gastrostomía endoscópica (GEP) presentan malnutrición calórica- proteica, pero poco se conoce sobre la deficiencia de selenio. Estudiamos la evolución del selenio sérico en el momento de la GEP y después 4 y 12 semanas. Además, evaluamos la evolución de albúmina, transferrina, índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la influencia de la enfermedad subyacente. Métodos: obtenemos una muestra de sangre antes de la gastrostomía (T0), y después de 4 (T1) y 12 (T3) semanas. El selenio fue valorado mediante GFAAS (Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy). Los enfermos consumieron alimentos de preparación doméstica. Los pacientes fueron estudiados como un grupo y después separados en dos grupos: cánceres de cabeza y cuello (CCC) y disfagia neurológica (DN). Resultados: 146 enfermos (89 hombres), entre 21-95 años: CCC-56, DN-90. Valores normales de selenio en 79% (n = 115), albúmina baja: 77 enfermos, transferrina baja: 94, las dos proteínas bajas: 66, IMC bajo: 78. El selenio ha demostrado una evolución lenta en el 82% de los enfermos presentando selenio normal en T3. Las proteínas séricas incrementaron sus valores en T0-T3, la mayoría de los enfermos alcanzó niveles normales. La enfermedad subyacente, CCC o DN, se relacionó con las proteínas, pero no con el selenio. Conclusiones: el selenio sérico bajo es poco común antes de la gastrostomía; después de 4 y 12 semanas de nutrición enteral no tiene relación con las proteínas séricas ni con la enfermedad que causa la disfagia. La nutrición con alimentación de preparación doméstica es suficiente para prevenir o corregir la deficiencia de selenio de la mayoría de los enfermos.